Resources


  Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia

There are three data lists available:
  Addresses (includes email address, phone numbers, and websites)
  Longitude and Latitudes
  Longitude and Latitudes in StreetAtlas Format


  New Mexico

There are four data lists available:
  Addresses (includes email address, phone numbers, and websites)
  Longitude and Latitudes
  Longitude and Latitudes in StreetAtlas Format
  New Mexico References


  Table of Decimal Seconds to Seconds

This table may be helpful for people using paper maps which use degrees-minutes-seconds.
The left column is the decimal portion of the minutes, the right column is the corresponding seconds
For example to convert N39 45.369 to degrees-minutes-seconds, 1) round to N39 45.37, 2) look up .37 on the table--
answer 22.2, 3) round to 22.  Therefore in N39 45.369 in degrees-minutes-seconds is N39 45 22

A free downloadable utility whichaccomplishes this and other conversions is available at:
http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com/FREEBIE/FREE1198.HTM  

.01    0.6"
.02    1.2"
.03    1.8"
.04    2.4"
.05    3.0"
.06    3.6"
.07    4.2"
.08    4.8"
.09    5.4"
.10    6.0"

 .11    6.6"
.12    7.2"
.13    7.8"
.14    8.4"
.15    9.0"
.16    9.6"
.17    10.2"
.18    10.8"
.19    1.4"
.20    12.0"

 .21    12.6"
.22    13.2"
.23    13.8"
.24    14.4"
.25    15.0"
.26    15.6"
.27    16.2"
.28    16.8"
.29    17.4"
.30    18.0"

 .31    18.6“
.32    19.2"
.33    19.8"
.34    20.4"
.35    21.0"
.36    21.6"
.37    22.2"
.38    22.8"
.39    23.4"
.40    24.0"

 .41    24.6"
.42    25.2"
.43    25.8"
.44    26.4"
.45    27.0"
.46    27.6"
.47    28.2"
.48    28.8"
.49    29.4"
.50    30.0"

 .51    30.6"
.52    31.2"
.53    31.8"
.54    32.4"
.55    33.0"
.56    33.6“
.57    34.2"
.58    34.8"
.59    35.4"
.60    36.0"

 .61    36.6"
.62    37.2"
.63    37.8"
.64    38.4"
.65    39.0"
.66    39.6"
.67    40.2"
.68    40.8"
.69    41.4"
.70    42.0"

 .71    42.6"
.72    43.2"
.73    43.8"
.74    44.4"
.75    45.0"
.76    45.6"
.77    46.2"
.78    46.8"
.79    47.4"
.80    48.0"

 .81    48.6"
.82    49.2"
.83    49.8"
.84    50.4"
.85    51.0"
.86    51.6"
.87    52.2"
.88    52.8"
.89    53.4"
.90    54.0"

 .91    54.6"
.92    55.2"
.93    55.8"
.94    56.4"
.95    57.0"
.96    57.6"
.97    58.2"
.98    58.8"
.99    59.4"




  A Table of Illustrations for De Re Metallica

De Re Metallica written by Georg Bauer (aka Agricola) published in 1556 is the first textbook of mining.  It is available at the bargain price of $21.95 from Dover Publications, or most bookstores.  Scans of the illustrations are available at www.mining-heritage.com.  This is an essential resource for anyone interested in mining history.  It is the ca 280 extraordinary woodcut illustrations which “make” this book so valuable, but unfortunately nearly all of the illustrations lack captions, and the text is often so dense that identifying illustrations from the text is often all but impossible.  The Table of Illustrations provides exactly such captions, as well as (missing) chapter titles.

Book 1: The Social Impact of Mining includes the knowledge required by a mining engineer, mine economics, mining hazards, the morality of mining, environmental problems, the value of the mining industry to society, particularly of metals for tools, and conversely of the use of metals for torture and weapons, and corruption and fraud associated with mining.  (no illustrations)

Book 2: Mine Management, Exploration, and Prospecting
40    Prospecting and exploration, including the use of divining rods

Book 3: The Theory of Ore Deposits: Covers subjects poorly understood at the time.  Therefore, many of the
illustrations illustrate obsolete concepts, not detailed here.
45a    Vertical or inclined mineral vein
45b    Horizontal mineral vein
49    Mineral vein, ring dike?
50a    Vertical or inclined parallel mineral veins
50b    Horizontal parallel mineral veins
53    Vertical or inclined parallel mineral veins, wide and narrow
54a    Horizontal mineral veins, thick and thin
54b    Vertical or inclined mineral veins, relationship to rock seams, east to west
55a    Vertical or inclined mineral veins, relationship to rock seams, west to east
55b    Vertical or inclined mineral veins, relationship to rock seams, south to north
56    Vertical or inclined mineral veins, relationship to rock seams, north to south
57    Compass
59    Compass
60    Horizontal mineral veins, and rock seams
61a    Horizontal mineral veins, planar and with fold
61b    Horizontal and inclined mineral veins, planar and with fold
62a    Vertical and inclined mineral veins, planar and with fold
62b    Vertical or inclined mineral veins, in flat land
63a    Vertical or inclined mineral vein, cut perpendicularly by a river
63b    Vertical or inclined mineral vein, continuous across flat land and a hill
64a    Vertical or inclined mineral vein, continuous across hills, plateaus, or plains
64b    Horizontal vein cut by perpendicular and oblique veins
65    Vertical vein cut by perpendicular and oblique veins
66a    Intersecting veins (probably really sharp folds)
66b    Intersecting perpendicular veins
67    Anatomizing veins
68    Vertical or inclined vein intersecting a horizontal vein
69a    Vein terminology of a horizontal outcrop of vertical vein
69b    Vein terminology of a vertical outcrop of a vertical vein
70    Vein terminology, of a ring-dike?
71a    Vertical veins with stringers
71b    Inclined vein with stringers from the hanging wall and footwall

Book 4: Mining Law This is the only chapter which contains captioned illustrations but all of the illustrations are
rectangles illustrating the dimensions of mining claims.

Book 5: Shaft Sinking, Drifting, and Surveying
103    Three examples of vertical shafts
104    Three examples of inclined shafts
105    A shaft, an internal shaft, drives, and an adit.
120    Fire setting
123    Shaft timbering
125    Adit. timbering with lagging, a ventilation door, and a sub-floor drain
131    Geometrical consideration to drive a adit. to an existing shaft
133    A triangle, with a right angle and 2 equal sides
134    A triangle, with a right angle and 3 unequal sides
135a    A triangle, with an obtuse angle and 2 equal site
135b    A triangle, with an obtuse angle and 3 unequal sides
136a    A triangle, with 3 equal sides
136b    A triangle, with all acute angles, and 2 equal sides
137    A triangle, with all acute angles, and 3 unequal sides
138    Waxed semicircle of the hemicycle
139    Stretched cords
140    Stretched cords
142    Compass
142b    An Orbis (a surveying tool)
143    A measuring rod
144    A plummet level
146    Indicator of a suspended plummet level [the body of the instrument is pictured upside down, but with the bob
hanging downward.  In use, the body is clipped (the clips are on the sides) onto a horizontal wire, and the hanging bob
indicates theangle of inclination.
147    A inclinometer

Book 6: Mining Equipment, Haulage, Dewatering, Ventilation, and Hazards
150    Chisels and wedges
151    Hammers
152a    Crowbars
152b    A pick, hoe, and shovel
154a    Leather buckets
154b    Ore basket and wooden buckets
155    A wheelbarrow
156    An ore car [this is a rail-mounted car, the purpose of the peg was to keep the car on the plank rails, analogous to
the flanges on modern train wheels
157    A shoulder tray
158a    Wooden water buckets
158b    Leather water buckets
159    A trough (a used for mine dewatering)
161    A windless and shaft collar
162    A windless with a flywheel and shaft collar
163    A horizontal man tread whim
165    A horse whim
166    A horse whim powering an underground hoist with a brake, and with a control rod extending to a lower level
168    Transporting ore by horse sled. man sled, dog teams, and drag bags
170    Loading ore into a 4-wheel horse drawn wagon, transporting ore in a 2-wheel horse drawn wagon on a log road,
and by a horse pack train
171    Covered 2-man windlass for lowering heavy loads
173    A bucket chain pump and gearing
174    A vertical man tread whim (“squirrel cage”) powering a bucket chain pump
175    A wooden bucket chain pump powered by a vertical tread whim
177    A suction pump and hollowing a log for the body of a suction pump.  The same methods and tools were used to
bore logs for pipelines.
178    An underground lever operated suction pump
179    A surface lever operated suction pump
180    An dual-opposed suction pump operated by a cam shaft, powered by a hand crank
182    A triple three-phase suction pump operated by a trip mechanism, powered by a hand crank
183    A triple three-phase suction-pump operated by a tip mechanism, powered by a waterwheel
185    A three-stage suction pump, powered by a waterwheel
187    A two-stage suction-pump, the upper stage operated by a surface water wheel, and the lower stage operated
by an underground waterwheel [As shown, this essentially a perpetual motion device and is impractical, in practice
(with drainage adits) such systems actually worked)
188    A two-stage dual-opposed suction-pump, powered by a waterwheel
191    A rag and chain pump powered by a large overshot waterwheel
193    A rag and chain pump operated by a horse whim as used in the Harz Mountains, Germany
194    A rag and chain pump operated by a hand crank
195    A rag and chain pump operated by a hand crank with gearing
196    A rag and chain pump operated by a vertical man tread whim
197    A water bucket hoist powered by a reversible overshot waterwheel
201    Wooden sails at a shaft collar to promote ventilation
202    A simple plank sail, and a chimney, to promote ventilation via partitioned shafts
203    A wind-vane turned barrel sail, to promote ventilation, via a partitioned shaft
204    Two hand-crank operated ventilation blowers
205    Windmill powered and hand-crank operated ventilation blowers
206    An underground ventilation blower operated by an overshot waterwheel
207    Components of a ventilation blower
208    A bellows used as a exhaust blower, via a partitioned shaft
209    A bellows used as a ventilation blower, via wooden pipes in an adit
211    Dual and triple bellows operated by a horse whim, a horse tread mill, and by foot
212    Flapping a damp cloth for ventilation
213    Methods of descent into mines: by ladder, by sliding down a inclined shaft, by riding the ore bucket, and
walking down stairs cut in an inclined shaft

Book 7: Assaying
223a    Round assay furnace
223b    Rectangular assay furnace
224    Muffle-type assay furnace
227    Assay furnace with bellows
228    Muffles for assay furnace
229    Assay crucibles
231    Cupel mold and tools
240a    Lead mold
240b    Small iron hook
241    A “tablet” for viewing inside an assay furnace in operation
250    An iron mold for assaying copper
255    Touch needles, for gold assaying
262    Assay balance weights
263    Assay balances

Book 8: Beneficiation
268    Hand sorting ore
269    Metal cutting
270    Hand cobbing ore
271    Crushing ore with a sledge hammer; note gloves and leggings
272    Crushing ore on a paved area
274    Roasting ore in stalls
275    Roasting lead ore
276    Stall roasting of lead ore, and a beehive pyrite kiln designed for sulfur recovery
277    Pyrite roasting hearth for sulfur recovery
278    Heap roasting of copper shales at Eisleben, Germany
284    Dry four-stamp mill powered by an overshot waterwheel
285    Manufacturing dry stamps
286    Two dry three-stamp mills
287    Dry three-stamp mill and ore sieves
288    Various simple ore sieves
289    More complex ore sieves, also a backpack ore basket
291    Wet and dry ore sieving as used at Banská Bystrica (formerly Neusohl), Slovak Republic
292    Wet ore sieving
293    Wet ore sieving using baskets as used in Bohemia (Czech Republic)
294    Gold ore grinding in a grist-type mill; waterwheel powered
295    Gold ore grinding in grist-type mills; powered by vertical goat tread mill, and a horizontal man tread mill
299    Gold ore grinding in a grist-type mill followed by treatment in amalgamation vats or sluices
301    Simple buddle
302    Divided buddle and a short strake
303    Canvas buddle used with tin ore
305    Strake used with tin ore
306    Strake used with tin ore
307    Strake used with tin ore
308    Canvas buddle used with tin ore
309    Canvas buddle used with tin ore, one being washed
311    Jigging with sieves
312    Wet three-stamp mill
314    Wet three-stamp mill, followed by buddles
315    Simple buddle in use
317    Washing tin out of canvas from canvas strakes (the structure in the background right is a ceramic room heater
318    “Streaming” i.e., reworking of tin tailings by concentrating in stream bottoms (analogous to ground sluicing)
320    Multiple battery wet stamp mill powered by overshot waterwheels
321    Wet stamp mill with sluices
322    Gold sluice
323    Gold sluice with a built-in sieve
324    Floating gold sluice
326    Gold sluice in use in Portugal; also several gold pans
327    Gold sluice and gold pans in use
328    Gold sluice with riffles
329    Gold sluices with canvas and animal skin liners; and sluices with various pockets and grooves
330    Jason and the Argonauts (the “Golden Fleece” was a sheepskin placed in a stream to catch gold particles)
331    Gold sluice with cloth liner and a worker washing a liner
332    Gold sluice with special cloth liner containing numerous knots, and a working washing liner
333    Gold sluice with turf liner, and worker washing pieces of turf
334    A floating gold pan
335    A log gold sluice/rocker, used in a stream.  Also used in mining placer garnets
336    Gold panning in oversized pans
337    Ground sluicing for tin
338    Tin sluicing
340    Tin sluicing
341    Tin strake
342    Using sieves and strakes
343    Tin sluicing, also sieving and a miner pushing an ore car out an adit. to the dump
345    Multi-stage buddle
346    Ground sluicing
347    Ground sluicing for gold in Portugal
348    Lead ore washing trough in Poland, also a 2-wheel horse-drawn ore cart
349    Tin roasting furnace
350    Roasting cobalt-arsenide ores in stalls
351    Stall roasting of copper shales

Book 9: Smelting
357    Simple furnace
358    Blast furnace, front
359    Blast furnace, rear showing bellows operated by a trip mechanism
360    Blast furnace floor plan
365    Detail of bellows components
368    Frame for blast furnace bellows, without bellows in place
370    Blast furnace bellows
372    Undershot water wheel and gearing for powering blast furnace bellows
373    Stamp mill for crushing charcoal for use in blast furnaces
374    Wet sieving powdered charcoal for use in blast furnaces
375    Preparation of clay for use in blast furnaces; includes field grizzlies
377    Preparation of a blast furnace
383    Smelting gold/silver ore; cleaning and weighing doré buttons produced
385    Smelting gold/silver ore
387    Furnace for smelting lower grade gold/silver ores
389    Furnace for smelting copper and lead sulfide ores; note charcoal basket wheelbarrow
383    Hearth-like furnaces; below a lead melting hearth
395    Gold/silver furnace with flue dust recovery system
415    Tin smelting furnace
417    Tin smelting furnace with flue dust recovery system
418    Tin refining hearth
419    Tin smelting furnace used in Portugal
422    Iron bloomery hearth; also a trip hammer for working blooms
424    Iron bloomery furnace of a type used for difficult ore
425    Steel making in a cementation furnace; also a trip hammer
427    Mercury (or antimony) distillation hearth
429    Mercury retorts
430    Mercury distillation furnace
431    Mercury retort
432    Mercury distillation furnace
434    Hearths for melting native bismuth
435    Native bismuth melting furnace
436    Native bismuth melting hearth
437    Native bismuth melting hearth

Book 10: Separation of Gold from Silver and Silver Refining
442    Nitric acid production works
446    Nitric acid parting works for separating gold from silver
449    Sulfur parting works for separating gold from silver
453    Antimony parting works for separating gold from silver
455    Cementation works for separating gold from silver
468    Components of a cupellation furnace
470    Preparation of a cupellation furnace
474    Cupellation furnace in operation
476    Cleaning and then backpacking silver cakes produced by cupellation
479    Crane for lifting the cover of a cupellation furnace
481    Cupellation furnace type used in Freiberg, Germany
482    Cupellation furnace type used in Poland and Hungary
484    Preparation for silver refining
485    Furnace for refining silver; also various tools and processes
486    Furnace for refining silver, also various tools and processes
488    Various steps in silver refining
489    Muffle furnace used in silver refining

Book 11: Separation of Gold and Silver from Copper and Iron and Copper Refining
493    Floor plan for a works for separating silver from copper
499    Lead remelting hearth; including a crane for lifting lead cakes
501    Stamp for cutting blocks of copper
504    Heating copper blocks on a hearth to make cutting easier
508    Furnace for alloying silver-bearing copper with lead
510    Furnace for melting copper, to enrich the silver content by settling
514    Crane for manipulating large blocks of metal
517    Liquation furnace for melting lead and silver out of a copper lead alloy
518    Liquation furnace in operation
522    Cleaning slag from liquation cakes; specifically “exhausted cakes”
525    “Drying” furnace for removing residual lead from copper (exhausted cakes)
527    “Drying” furnace in operation
528    “Drying” furnace in operation with door open
529    Hammering “dried” liquation cakes to remove slag and oxides
532    Copper refining furnace and equipment (for refining dried exhausted liquation cakes)
532    Copper refining furnace in operation
537    Furnace for producing rosette copper
543    Copper refining furnace

Book 12:  Industrial Mineral, Chemical, and Glass Production
547    Production of sea salt in solar evaporation pans
549    Production of salt from brine in Halle, Germany
551    Details of salt boiling pans used in Halle, Germany
553    Salt-from-brine works in operation in Halle, Germany
554    Salt production from hotspring brine
555    Boiling down brine for salt in large kettles
556    (Impure) salt production by pouring brine on burning logs
557    Vat extraction of salt from salty soil
558    Solar evaporation of Nile River water for sodium carbonate
561    Soda production
563    Saltpeter production by dissolution from saltpeter containing soil in vats followed by boiling down in an evaporation pan
567    Alum production from alum shale
571    Manufacturing alum from alunite at La Tolfa, Italy
574    Producing iron sulfate (vitriol)
575    Producing iron sulfate (vitriol)
576    Producing iron sulfate (vitriol)
577    Producing iron sulfate (vitriol)
579    Sulfur retorts
581    Sulfur distillation
582    Sulfur distillation
583    Recovering petroleum from a spring seep
585    Chrysocolla production from mine runoff
587    Raw glass furnace
588    Glass blowing furnace
589    Glass blowing furnace, cutaway
591    Glass blowing furnace, in operation


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